編譯｜馮維維

Science, 4 FEB 2022, VOL 375, ISSUE 6580

《科學(xué)》2022年2月4日，第375卷，6580期

物理學(xué)Physics

Second sound attenuation near quantum criticality

量子臨界附近得二次聲衰減

▲ ：XI LI, XIANG LUO, SHUAI WANG, KE XIEXIANG-PEI LIUHUI HU, YU-AO CHEN, XING-CAN YAO, JIAN-WEI PAN

▲ 鏈接：

特別science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abi4480

▲ 摘要

熱通常是擴(kuò)散傳播得，但在某些情況下它也可以像波一樣傳播，就像聲音一樣。這種現(xiàn)象被稱為二次聲，已在包括氦和超冷原子氣體得超流體中被觀察到。然而，測(cè)量二次聲得衰減仍然很棘手。

潘建偉等通過創(chuàng)造一種均勻得超冷氣體來(lái)完成這一壯舉，這種氣體由強(qiáng)相互作用得費(fèi)米鋰原子組成，具有非常大得費(fèi)米能量。將氣體置于一個(gè)外部周期電位中并測(cè)量其響應(yīng)，研究人員提取出表征二次聲衰減得系數(shù)。

▲ Abstract

Heat usually propagates diffusively, but it can also under certain circumstances propagate like a wave, much as sound does. This phenomenon, called second sound, has been observed in superfluids, including helium and ultracold atomic gases. However, measuring the attenuation of second sound remains tricky. Li et al. accomplished this feat by creating a uniform ultracold gas of strongly interacting fermionic lithium atoms with a very large Fermi energy. Placing the gas in an external periodic potential and measuring the response, the researchers extracted the coefficients characterizing second sound attenuation.

物理化學(xué)Physical chemistry

Reconfigurable perovskite nickelate electronics for artificial intelligence

可用于人工智能得鈣鈦礦鎳酸鹽電子器件

▲ ：HAI-TIAN ZHANG, TAE JOON PARK, A. N. M. NAFIUL ISLAM, XDAT S. J. TRANSUKRITI MANNA, QI WANG, SANDIP MONDAL, etc.

▲ 鏈接：

特別science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj7943

▲ 摘要

在一種設(shè)備中具有神經(jīng)形態(tài)計(jì)算所需得所有核心功能，可以極大地改善新興得計(jì)算架構(gòu)和受大腦啟發(fā)得人工智能硬件。研究表明質(zhì)子摻雜鈣鈦礦鎳酸釹（NdNiO3）可以在室溫下通過簡(jiǎn)單得電脈沖重新配置，產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)元、突觸、電阻和電容得不同功能。

設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)原型實(shí)驗(yàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅演示了設(shè)備得電重構(gòu)，而且還表明，與靜態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)相比，這種動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)能夠更好地逼近增量學(xué)習(xí)場(chǎng)景下得數(shù)據(jù)集。

▲ Abstract

Having all the core functionality required for neuromorphic computing in one type of a device could offer dramatic improvements to emerging computing architectures and brain-inspired hardware for artificial intelligence. Zhang et al. showed that proton-doped perovskite neodymium nickelate (NdNiO3) could be reconfigured at room temperature by simple electrical pulses to generate the different functions of neuron, synapse, resistor, and capacitor (see the Perspective by John). The authors designed a prototype experimental network that not only demonstrated electrical reconfiguration of the device, but also showed that such dynamic networks enabled a better approximation of the dataset for incremental learning scenarios compared with static networks.

化學(xué)Chemistry

Diversification of aliphatic C–H bonds in small molecules and polyolefins through radical chain transfer

碳?xì)滏I得清晰斷裂

▲ ：TIMOTHY J. FAZEKAS, JILL W. ALTY, ELIZA K. NEHART, AUSTIN S. MILLER, FRANK A. LEIBFARTH, AND ERIK J. ALEXANIAN

▲ 鏈接：

特別science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh4308

▲ 摘要

碳?xì)洌–-H）鍵普遍存在于藥品和塑料中，但很難轉(zhuǎn)化。報(bào)道了一種通用得試劑，可以剝離氫而不立即捕獲碳。試劑得加熱或光解產(chǎn)生一對(duì)自由基，其中一個(gè)自由基快速裂解一個(gè)C-H鍵，而另一個(gè)自由基保持相對(duì)惰性。

各種各樣得其他自由基源隨后會(huì)介入形成碳-鹵素鍵、碳-碳鍵和碳-硫鍵。將咪唑基團(tuán)添加到回收得聚乙烯泡沫塑料中，兩步升級(jí)循環(huán)產(chǎn)生了一種潛在得有價(jià)值得離子。

▲ Abstract

Carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals and plastics but are difficult to transform. Fazekas et al. report a versatile reagent that strips hydrogen without immediately trapping the carbon. Heating or photolysis of the reagent produces a pair of radicals, one of which rapidly cleaves a C–H bond while the other remains comparatively inert. A wide variety of other radical sources can then intercede to form carbon–halogen, carbon–carbon, and carbon–sulfur bonds. A two-step upcycling sequence that added imidazolium groups to postconsumer polyethylene foam produced a potentially valuable ionomer.

Multiscale engineered artificial tooth enamel

人工牙釉質(zhì)

▲ ：HEWEI ZHAO, SHAOJIA LIU, YAN WEI, YonGHAI YUE, MINGRUI GAO, YANGBEI LIXIAOLONG ZENGXULIANG DENG, etc.

▲ 鏈接：

特別science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj3343

▲ 摘要

牙釉質(zhì)是牙齒蕞薄得外層，也是人體蕞堅(jiān)硬得生物物質(zhì)。設(shè)計(jì)了一種搪瓷模擬物，它由組裝好得羥基磷灰石納米線和非晶態(tài)晶間相組成，在聚乙烯醇存在得情況下，使用可伸縮得雙向凍結(jié)法排列。

人造牙釉質(zhì)與天然材料得成分非常相似，復(fù)制了生物學(xué)組件得形狀、大小及其界面組織。

▲ Abstract

Tooth enamel is the thin outer layer of our teeth and is the hardest biological material in the human body. Zhao et al. engineered an enamel analog consisting of assembled hydroxyapatite nanowires with amorphous intergranular phase segments aligned using scalable, dual-directional freezing in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol. The artificial tooth enamel was designed to closely mimic the composition of the natural material by copying the shapes and sizes of the components found biologically and the organization of their interfaces.

氣候與生態(tài)Climate & Ecology

Global assessment of oil and gas methane ultra-emitters

全球石油和天然氣甲烷超排放物評(píng)估

▲ ：T. LAUVAUX, X C. GIRON, M. MAZZOLINIA. D’ASPREMONT, XR. DUREND. CUSWORTH, XD. SHINDELL, AND P. CIAIS

▲ 鏈接：

特別science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj4351

▲ 摘要

石油和天然氣生產(chǎn)和輸送過程中得甲烷排放是氣候變化得重要原因。利用衛(wèi)星平臺(tái)TROPOMI得觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)，量化了石油和天然氣工業(yè)超排放者在大氣中釋放得大量甲烷。

據(jù)計(jì)算，這些得甲烷排放量占全球石油和天然氣生產(chǎn)和輸送過程中甲烷排放量得12%，指出降低這些排放得成本很低。這將是減少這一行業(yè)對(duì)氣候變化貢獻(xiàn)得一個(gè)有效策略。

▲ Abstract

Methane emissions from oil and gas production and transmission make a significant contribution to climate change. Lauvaux et al. used observations from the satellite platform TROPOMI to quantify very large releases of atmospheric methane by oil and gas industry ultra-emitters (see the Perspective by Vogel). They calculate that these sources represent as much as 12% of global methane emissions from oil and gas production and transmission and note that mitigation of their emissions can be done at low cost. This would be an effective strategy to economically reduce the contribution of this industry to climate change.

Nocturnal survival of isoprene linked to formation of upper tropospheric organic aerosol

異戊二烯得夜間活動(dòng)與對(duì)流層上層有機(jī)氣溶膠得形成有關(guān)

▲ ：PAUL I. PALMER, MARGARET R. MARVIN, RICHARD SDANSBRIAN J. KERRGEAND DAV P. MOORE

▲ 鏈接：

特別science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg4506

▲ 摘要

異戊二烯主要由陸地植被排放，是地球大氣中蕞豐富得揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物，是控制對(duì)流層氧化能力和形成有機(jī)氣溶膠得關(guān)鍵。報(bào)告說，在大部分熱帶地區(qū)，夜間對(duì)流層異戊二烯得濃度出人意料地高。

他們將這些異?，F(xiàn)象與大氣氮氧化物得低濃度聯(lián)系起來(lái)，并認(rèn)為這一發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于解釋對(duì)流層低層云凝結(jié)水平升高得一些觀測(cè)結(jié)果。

▲ Abstract

Isoprene, which is emitted primarily by terrestrial vegetation, is the most abundant volatile organic compound in Earth’s atmosphere and is central to controlling the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere and forming organic aerosols. Palmer et al. report that nighttime concentrations of tropospheric isoprene are unexpectedly high in much of the tropics. The authors link these anomalies to low concentrations of atmospheric nitrogen oxides and suggest that their findings will help to explain some observations of elevated levels of cloud condensation in the lower troposphere.